{"id":3682,"date":"2024-04-15T18:11:42","date_gmt":"2024-04-15T22:11:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ramapo.edu\/holocaust\/?page_id=3682"},"modified":"2024-04-15T22:14:52","modified_gmt":"2024-04-16T02:14:52","slug":"kwibuka-30-panel-3","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.ramapo.edu\/holocaust\/kwibuka-30-panel-3\/","title":{"rendered":"Kwibuka 30, Panel 3"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"\"<\/a>

Rwandan Identification Cards<\/p><\/div>\n

Rwandan National ID Card with \u201cEthnicity\u201d marked as “Tutsi”<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Rwandan Identification Cards<\/h4>\n

Colonial Belgium rule greatly impacted Rwanda and its racialization of the Tutsi and Hutu. In the 1930s, Belgium introduced national ID cards to Rwanda. After decolonization, Hutu extremists used these colonially rooted ID cards for their own purposes: to distinguish between Hutu and Tutsi. During the years of 1964-81, an identity card law mandated ID cards for everyone sixteen and above. These ID cards were used to restrict Tutsi from certain careers. It kept Tutsi inhabitants from entering the military and governmental positions. During the Rwandan Civil War (1990-1994) and the subsequent genocide, ID cards were required for security and nefarious purposes. Fear spread as well about allegedly falsified ID cars. Genocidaires thus sometimes elected to identify Tutsi based upon what they perceived as “Tutsi features.” Some Rwandan officials claimed that there were people with \u201cTutsi features\u201d holding Hutu ID cards. Identification cards in these instances contributed to the fear of “enemies hiding among the population.”<\/p>\n

The use and presence of ID cards were mentioned in genocide testimonies. In the year 2018, a trial took place in Paris over the 1994 Genocide Against the Tutsi. It involved accusations against two ex-Rwandan mayors of Kabaronda, a Rwandan town, Tito Barahira and Octavian Ngenzi. A survivor, Eulade Rwigema, brought the accusations in response to the murders of his wife and children. He claimed his Rwandan ID card was used to identify and persecute him. The cards were not only used to identify \u201cracial distinction,\u201d but also used as a tool with which to dehumanize Tutsi. While the use of ID cards that provide information about ethnicity does not automatically lead to genocide, it can, nonetheless, facilitates the process\u2014first by aiding in identification and, second, by creating conditions in which people expect stark divisions between groups and respond violently to ambiguity.<\/p>\n

Quick Links<\/strong><\/p>\n

Identity Card<\/a><\/p>\n

Indangamuntu 1994: Ten Years Ago in Rwanda this Identity Card Cost a Woman her Life<\/a><\/p>\n

Bibliography<\/strong><\/p>\n

Fussell, Jim. \u201cGroup Classification on National ID Cards as a Factor in Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing.\u201d Prevent Genocide International<\/em>. Yale University Genocide Studies Program, 2001. 2-4.<\/p>\n

Mamdani, Mahmood. \u201cWhen Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda.\u201d Princeton University Press, 2001. 88-89.<\/p>\n

White, Kenneth R. \u201cScourge of Racism: Genocide in Rwanda.\u201d Journal of Black Studies<\/em> 39, no. 3 (2009): 471\u201381.<\/p>\n

Photo Credit<\/strong><\/p>\n

De la Croix Tabaro, Jean. 2015. \u201cThe Passport to Death: Story of Rwanda\u2019s Notorious ID<\/a>.\u201d KT PRESS. July 13, 2015.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Rwandan National ID Card with \u201cEthnicity\u201d marked as “Tutsi”   Rwandan Identification Cards Colonial Belgium rule greatly impacted Rwanda and its racialization of the Tutsi and Hutu. In the 1930s, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":938,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3682","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nKwibuka 30, Panel 3 - Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies (CHGS) || Ramapo College of New Jersey<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ramapo.edu\/holocaust\/kwibuka-30-panel-3\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Kwibuka 30, Panel 3\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Rwandan National ID Card with \u201cEthnicity\u201d marked as “Tutsi”   Rwandan Identification Cards Colonial Belgium rule greatly impacted Rwanda and its racialization of the Tutsi and Hutu. 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